Creative Writing The Greatest Video Game Essay - 943 Words

I had always wanted to program, not just anything. I wanted to program video games. Not just any video game. I wanted to to program the greatest game ever made. I noticed that the reason people played them was because of the freedom they had, who wouldn’t want freedom after working a boring job for the day, you want to be able to come home and relax from your boring, hard life. I noticed however, that the popularity of a game was determined by the degree of control one had over their â€Å"virtual life.† There are games where you can control your character, and make it seem realistic. There are games where you can even control every aspect of that character’s life. I wanted to do better. I wanted to be able to control the entire world. Why†¦show more content†¦At this point, intelligent primates had evolved ( to answer your question as to why our simulated universe mirrored our in a way, it’s because of the parameters we used in the beginning. Wh en you set the same balances of the basic elements, with a little luck you simply start to see planets and even primitive life form in the same way as ours. this is a widely discussed topic in our field, of which we pioneered.) It started small first, I would create a rock with my name on it, and send it to the bottom of the sea, or some undiscovered forest not yet made a habitat for the locals, sorta like an easter egg. They wouldn’t notice, so I made my attempts less subtle. I formed the mathematical symbol Pi using rocky formations, this was invisible to groundlings, but from a slight elevation was obvious. I turned off the simulation, and went to bed. When I returned, scary things began occurring. I say the primitives had gathered upon a hilltop, the entire village was chanting, seemingly spurred on from the discovery of my easter egg. They began making idols similar to the symbol Pi, and worshiping them as a divine sign. I witnessed utter horror as they began making an imals sacrifices, then human sacrifices (The program is not in real time, decades are mere seconds to the outside observer.) They argued with each other over the meaning of this symbol. I had to intervene. I created an avatar, a virtualShow MoreRelatedTical Thinking. It Is A Sad Picture To Visualize A World1046 Words   |  5 Pages Albert Einstein, brought out great perceptions and discernments. The world has always appreciated the talent to think beyond the average. (are We Losing our ability to think critically?) Nowadays, in the 21st century, the time of computers, video games, and the Internet, there is an increasing doubt about how digital media is influencing critical thinking and whether it advances the society. How vital is critical thinking? 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The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security Free Essays

1.Introduction The end of the Cold War marked a new beginning for the international security agenda, and the demise of the simple bipolarity brought forward a revised agenda for human rights, international peace and cooperation and stability. The end of the Cold War triggered the rise of new threats and challenges to international security, and the advance of globalization led to the redistribution of power in the international system (Baylis Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the context of globalization, the capacity of the state was undermined and as a result state-to-state relations dramatically changed (Strange, 2002). Classic wars were gradually transformed into â€Å"modern wars† (Kaldor, 1999; Smith, 2006; Shaw, 2005). In this different political environment, the security challenges were no longer existent on a state-to-state level, because of the growing importance of sub-state actors. This essay will focus on the reorganization of the international system after the end of the Cold War, and will discuss the new challenges to global security, posed by the demise of the bipolar regime. The essay will support the view that with the end of the Cold War, the world became a more dangerous place, because of the multiplicity of actors on the international scene and the changed perceptions of military force, war and security. Changing perceptions of military force and war The end of the Cold War brought forward the change of the perceptions of military force in several different aspects. The impact of these changed perceptions upon the international security agenda has been undisputed, and will be discussed in detail. For clarity, the author has chosen to focus only on the most important security-related transformations following the Cold War – the new sources of threat such as nuclear weapons and terrorism, and the changing notions of war in the context of globalization. Their features will be discussed in the context of the changed dynamics of the international system. 2.1 New sources of security threat The end of the Cold War led to new security challenges, because of changing notions of military force and the new sources of security threat (Smith, 2006; Shaw, 2005). The first one is related to the rise of nuclear power. With the demise of the USSR, the simple bipolarity of the Cold War world was replaced by a multipolar world, where the centrality of power was no longer clearly defined (Brown, 2005; Jackson Sorensen, 2003). The rise of the Asian economic powers, the advance of nuclear and biological weapons in countries such as Iran, Israel and Iraq challenged the stability of the mutual deterrence principle, comfortably sustained during the Cold War (Hammes, 2005). Another source of security threat after the Cold War was related to terrorism, and the rise of sub-state actors (Smith, 2006). The War on terror, embedded in the Bush doctrine, was a clear demonstration of the changing nature of war, and the elusive image of the new enemy (Shaw, 2005). After 9/11 it became clear that terrorism was not a war against an enemy, but against tactics (Baylis Smith, 2007). Its manifestations and capacity to destroy were as much the result of political construction, as of historically embedded perceptions about the East and the West and their manipulation by mass media and policy-makers. After the end of the Cold War non-state actors such as Al Qaeda and Hamas, became a new source of security threat because of their ability to operate internationally but at the same time to exist inside the state (Shaw, 2005). Also, the controversies, around states labelled as rogue and unable to comply with the international standards for peace and democracy such as Afghan istan, Iraq, North Korea, Libya and Syria necessitated new means for meeting the challenges to threat and security. They will be discussed in section 3. 2.2 Changing notions of war in a global world Here it is important to mention globalization as a factor, which led to re-examination of the capacity of the state to observe human security and human rights (Strange, 2002). In the context of a borderless world, the international human rights agenda is inevitably revisited, and the main carriers of legal standards are no longer represented solely by state actors, but by the global civil society, comprising of International non-governmental organizations (INGOs). Because of these inevitable transformations, the very perception of security, threat and war changed in several important aspects. As Mary Kaldor famously observes, the end of the Cold War saw the rise of the modern wars, which lack time and space, because they are based on non-quantifiable demands often related to ideology, ethnicity, religion and the social construction of history (1999). The old wars were pushed away by new types of threats and conflicts, such as organized crime, and religious and civil wars. The early 1 990s saw the bloody demise of former Yugoslavia, and a series of conflicts in Rwanda, Congo, Sudan and Somalia, triggered by the redefinition of political borders, the struggle over economic resources and ethnic and religious factionalism. In the context of globalization, the modern wars are interstate conflicts, executed by sub-state actors. In this sense, it is important to mention that the growing presence of the sub-state actors has posed new challenges to the classic perceptions of security, because of non-tangible variables such as perceptions, as opposed to old-time military ambitions related to territorial invasion and economic gain. Meeting the new security challenges: a revised agenda for peace In order to meet the new security challenges, identified earlier, the international community had to devise a new agenda in the post-Cold war era. First, humanitarian intervention became important, and triggered as an effect of the revised agenda, where the security of foreign nationals, whose human rights have been violated by their home state became important (Jackson Sorensen, 2003). Despite the ongoing political debate about the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention, a norm of intervention was authorized by the UN Security Council in the 1990s, which was followed by operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1996 and Kosovo in 1999 (Baylis Smith, 2007). Despite the criticisms that humanitarian intervention might stop the immediate killing of civilians but is not a reliable strategy for long-term piece, it reveals a shifted emphasis from military to human security in the years following the end of the Cold War. In this relation, another trend in dealing with conflicts became prominent – the imposition of economic sanctions for the purpose of exerting political, rather than military pressure upo n non-compliant states and communities. The post-Cold War agenda for peace also involved the reorganization of military forces, where the deviation from the Clausewitzian concept of war was obvious in the attempt to ameliorate and contain, rather than destroy or simply conquer (Smith, 2006). Examples of such wars of containment are the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition, the role of the global civil society and the growing influence of INGOs as advocates of peace and human rights deserve a mention. The importance of international non-governmental organizations in global policy-making has been undisputed because of the more complicated security agenda in the post-Cold War era. Also, because of the multiplicity of actors in the international system, and the new security needs, states and intergovernmental organizations are unable to deal with international crises without the development programmes and research, provided by the INGOs. Although their political success remains disputed, their role as independent observers and proponents of policy change is growing. Conclusion This essay has attempted to show the changing nature of the international system after the end of the Cold War. Today the international community faces different security threats based on a new perception of military force. Terrorism and the spread of nuclear power have shunned classic state-to-state conflicts, and as a result a new security agenda for peace and cooperation has been embraced. In the era of globalization, the transition towards collective security as a model of global governance, remains a challenge but also a prerequisite for peace. Bibliography: Baylis, J. Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan, Ch. 6, pp. 106-123 Clausewitz, C. (1977) ‘What is War?’, On War, Princeton: Princeton University Press Hammes, T.X (2005) ‘War evolves into the fourth generation’, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.26, No.2pp.189–221. Jervis, R. (1991/1992) ‘The Future of World Politics: Will It Resemble the Past?’ International Security 16, no. 3 Jackson, R. Sorensen, G. (2003) Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press Shaw, M. (2005) The New Western Way of War: Risk Transfer war and its Crisis in Iraq Cambridge: Polity Press Smith, R. (2006) The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World London: Penguin Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and MacGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Van Creveld, M. (1991) The Transformation Of War NY: Free Press How to cite The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security, Essay examples The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security Free Essays Introduction The end of the Cold War marked a new beginning for the international security agenda, and the demise of the simple bipolarity brought forward a revised agenda for human rights, international peace and cooperation and stability. The end of the Cold War triggered the rise of new threats and challenges to international security, and the advance of globalization led to the redistribution of power in the international system (Baylis Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005). In the context of globalization, the capacity of the state was undermined and as a result state-to-state relations dramatically changed (Strange, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Classic wars were gradually transformed into â€Å"modern wars† (Kaldor, 1999; Smith, 2006; Shaw, 2005). In this different political environment, the security challenges were no longer existent on a state-to-state level, because of the growing importance of sub-state actors. This essay will focus on the reorganization of the international system after the end of the Cold War, and will discuss the new challenges to global security, posed by the demise of the bipolar regime. The essay will support the view that with the end of the Cold War, the world became a more dangerous place, because of the multiplicity of actors on the international scene and the changed perceptions of military force, war and security. Changing perceptions of military force and war The end of the Cold War brought forward the change of the perceptions of military force in several different aspects. The impact of these changed perceptions upon the international security agenda has been undisputed, and will be discussed in detail. For clarity, the author has chosen to focus only on the most important security-related transformations following the Cold War – the new sources of threat such as nuclear weapons and terrorism, and the changing notions of war in the context of globalization. Their features will be discussed in the context of the changed dynamics of the international system. 2.1 New sources of security threat The end of the Cold War led to new security challenges, because of changing notions of military force and the new sources of security threat (Smith, 2006; Shaw, 2005). The first one is related to the rise of nuclear power. With the demise of the USSR, the simple bipolarity of the Cold War world was replaced by a multipolar world, where the centrality of power was no longer clearly defined (Brown, 2005; Jackson Sorensen, 2003). The rise of the Asian economic powers, the advance of nuclear and biological weapons in countries such as Iran, Israel and Iraq challenged the stability of the mutual deterrence principle, comfortably sustained during the Cold War (Hammes, 2005). Another source of security threat after the Cold War was related to terrorism, and the rise of sub-state actors (Smith, 2006). The War on terror, embedded in the Bush doctrine, was a clear demonstration of the changing nature of war, and the elusive image of the new enemy (Shaw, 2005). After 9/11 it became clear that terrorism was not a war against an enemy, but against tactics (Baylis Smith, 2007). Its manifestations and capacity to destroy were as much the result of political construction, as of historically embedded perceptions about the East and the West and their manipulation by mass media and policy-makers. After the end of the Cold War non-state actors such as Al Qaeda and Hamas, became a new source of security threat because of their ability to operate internationally but at the same time to exist inside the state (Shaw, 2005). Also, the controversies, around states labelled as rogue and unable to comply with the international standards for peace and democracy such as Afghan istan, Iraq, North Korea, Libya and Syria necessitated new means for meeting the challenges to threat and security. They will be discussed in section 3. 2.2 Changing notions of war in a global world Here it is important to mention globalization as a factor, which led to re-examination of the capacity of the state to observe human security and human rights (Strange, 2002). In the context of a borderless world, the international human rights agenda is inevitably revisited, and the main carriers of legal standards are no longer represented solely by state actors, but by the global civil society, comprising of International non-governmental organizations (INGOs). Because of these inevitable transformations, the very perception of security, threat and war changed in several important aspects. As Mary Kaldor famously observes, the end of the Cold War saw the rise of the modern wars, which lack time and space, because they are based on non-quantifiable demands often related to ideology, ethnicity, religion and the social construction of history (1999). The old wars were pushed away by new types of threats and conflicts, such as organized crime, and religious and civil wars. The early 1 990s saw the bloody demise of former Yugoslavia, and a series of conflicts in Rwanda, Congo, Sudan and Somalia, triggered by the redefinition of political borders, the struggle over economic resources and ethnic and religious factionalism. In the context of globalization, the modern wars are interstate conflicts, executed by sub-state actors. In this sense, it is important to mention that the growing presence of the sub-state actors has posed new challenges to the classic perceptions of security, because of non-tangible variables such as perceptions, as opposed to old-time military ambitions related to territorial invasion and economic gain. Meeting the new security challenges: a revised agenda for peace In order to meet the new security challenges, identified earlier, the international community had to devise a new agenda in the post-Cold war era. First, humanitarian intervention became important, and triggered as an effect of the revised agenda, where the security of foreign nationals, whose human rights have been violated by their home state became important (Jackson Sorensen, 2003). Despite the ongoing political debate about the legality and legitimacy of humanitarian intervention, a norm of intervention was authorized by the UN Security Council in the 1990s, which was followed by operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1996 and Kosovo in 1999 (Baylis Smith, 2007). Despite the criticisms that humanitarian intervention might stop the immediate killing of civilians but is not a reliable strategy for long-term piece, it reveals a shifted emphasis from military to human security in the years following the end of the Cold War. In this relation, another trend in dealing with conflicts became prominent – the imposition of economic sanctions for the purpose of exerting political, rather than military pressure upo n non-compliant states and communities. The post-Cold War agenda for peace also involved the reorganization of military forces, where the deviation from the Clausewitzian concept of war was obvious in the attempt to ameliorate and contain, rather than destroy or simply conquer (Smith, 2006). Examples of such wars of containment are the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. In addition, the role of the global civil society and the growing influence of INGOs as advocates of peace and human rights deserve a mention. The importance of international non-governmental organizations in global policy-making has been undisputed because of the more complicated security agenda in the post-Cold War era. Also, because of the multiplicity of actors in the international system, and the new security needs, states and intergovernmental organizations are unable to deal with international crises without the development programmes and research, provided by the INGOs. Although their political success remains disputed, their role as independent observers and proponents of policy change is growing. Conclusion This essay has attempted to show the changing nature of the international system after the end of the Cold War. Today the international community faces different security threats based on a new perception of military force. Terrorism and the spread of nuclear power have shunned classic state-to-state conflicts, and as a result a new security agenda for peace and cooperation has been embraced. In the era of globalization, the transition towards collective security as a model of global governance, remains a challenge but also a prerequisite for peace. Bibliography: Baylis, J. Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan, Ch. 6, pp. 106-123 Clausewitz, C. (1977) ‘What is War?’, On War, Princeton: Princeton University Press Hammes, T.X (2005) ‘War evolves into the fourth generation’, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.26, No.2pp.189–221. Jervis, R. (1991/1992) ‘The Future of World Politics: Will It Resemble the Past?’ International Security 16, no. 3 Jackson, R. Sorensen, G. (2003) Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press Shaw, M. (2005) The New Western Way of War: Risk Transfer war and its Crisis in Iraq Cambridge: Polity Press Smith, R. (2006) The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World London: Penguin Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and MacGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Van Creveld, M. (1991) The Transformation Of War NY: Free Press How to cite The End of the Cold War and the New Threats to Global Security, Essay examples

Enders gameenders empathic a Essay Example For Students

Enders gameenders empathic a Essay Enders Empathic Abilities Orson Scott Cards work of science fiction, Enders Game, is the exciting and poignant tale of a genius, Ender Wiggin, whom the Government takes from home at an early age to mold into a military commander. From his turbulent childhood, to his days at the physically and psychologically taxing Battle School, to his conquest of the buggers and ultimate colonization of their world, the most essential and useful aspect of Enders prodigious genius is his incredible empathic ability. From the portrayal of his early childhood in the novels first chapters, it seems that Ender developed this empathic ability as both a physical and psychological defense against the many truculent characters in his life, such as his enemy in school, Stilson, and his older brother, Peter. The usefulness and necessity of Enders empathy manifest themselves again at the battle school, where it helps Ender immeasurably to defeat his enemies, both in and out of the game room. Lastly, towards the novels end, Enders empat hy takes on a much more universal significance when it first allows him to win the war for humanity against the buggers, and then at last is put to a more peaceful use, when Ender becomes a speaker for the dead. From the very beginning of the novel, Enders extraordinary empathic abilities are quite conspicuous. The first time the reader encounters Ender, in fact, he is making a very perspicacious observation about the way adults lie to children. A woman in charge of the maintenance of a monitor attached since birth to the back of Enders head had told him that it was at last time for the monitor to come off, and that it wont hurt a bit. Enders response is a clear reflection of his empathic abilities. He ruminates, It was a lie, of course, that it wouldnt hurt a bit. But since adults always said it when it was going to hurt, he could count on that statement as an accurate prediction of the future. Sometimes lies were more dependable than truth. Ender, here, has not only essentially read the mind of the monitor lady, but has also demonstrated his personal knowledge of a universal habit of adults lying to children about certain things, such as pain. A short while later in the novel, still before he departs for battle school, Ender demonstrates even more dramatically the expediency of his empathic ability. The very day his monitor is removed, Ender is attacked by the leader of a gang in his school, Stilson. Ender manages to kick Stilson so that he falls down, and appears to be unconscious. Ender comes to the resolution that the only way to make sure that he never is picked on again is to scare Stilson and his gang so much that they never dare touch him. Enders words and actions, in the following scene, are all calculated to make his point quite clear, So Ender walked to Stilsons supine body and kicked him againThen Ender looked at the others coldly. You might having some idea of ganging up on me. You could probably beat me up pretty bad. But just remember what I do to people who try to hurt me. From then on youd be wondering when Id get you, and how bad it would be. He kicked Stilson in the face. Blood from his nose spattered the ground nearby. It wouldnt be this bad, Ender said. It would be worse. Indeed, Enders empathic abilities, in this case, prove themselves quite clearly, by the reaction of the other boys, which is just as Ender intended nobody followed himHe could hear the boys behind him saying, Geez, Look at him, Hes wasted. Perhaps even more than at home, Enders employs his empathic abilities often and with great success at battle school. By the end of his stay, it has become clear that, of all his extraordinary abilities, his empathy is the most useful and necessary to his survival. .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .postImageUrl , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:hover , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:visited , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:active { border:0!important; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:active , .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39 .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf57584308f0519d9aa48e41612237a39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Libel And Invasion Of Privacy Essay One of the most obvious and significant reflections of Enders empathy in battle school comes in his fight with Bonzo in the shower. Bonzo, a Spanish boy of modest ability compared to Ender, had had a vicious .

The area of a circle is one of the first formulas Essay Example For Students

The area of a circle is one of the first formulas Essay Pi that you learn as a young math student. It is simply taught as, . There is no explanation as to why the area of a circle is this arbitrary formula. As it turns out the area of a circle is not an easy task to figure out by your self. Early mathematicians knew that area was, in general to four sided polygons, length times width. But a circle was different, it could not be simply divided into length and width for it had no sides. We will write a custom essay on The area of a circle is one of the first formulas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As it turns out, finding the measurement to be squared was not difficult as it was the radius of the circle. There was another aspect of the circle though that has led one of the greatest mathematical voyages ever launched, the search of Pi.One of the first ever documented estimates for the area of a circle was found in Egypt on a paper known as the Rhind Papyrus around the time of 1650 BCE. The paper itself was a copy of an older book written between 2000 and 1800 BCE and some of the information contained in that writing might have been handed down by Imhotep, the man who supervised the building of the pyramids. The paper, copied by the scribe named Ahmes, has 84 problems on it and their solutions. On the paper, in problem number 50 he wrote; Cut off 1/9 of a diameter and construct a square upon the remainder; this has the same area as a circle. Given that we already know that the area of a circle is we find that the early Egyptian estimate for the area of a circle was which simplified to or 3.16049 Though, the papyrus does not go into detail as to how Ahmes derived this estimate. This estimate for Pi given by the ancient Egyptians is less than 1% off of the true value of Pi. Given, there was no standard of measurement in that day and they also had no tools to aid them in such calculations such as compasses or measuring tapes, this is an amazingly accurate value for Pi and the area of a circle. Another early attempt at the area of a circle is found in the Bible. In the old testament within the book of Kings Vii. 23 and also in Chronicles iv.2 a statement is made that says; And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one brim to the other; it was round all about and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. From this verse, we come to the conclusion that Pi is 30/10 or simply 3. The book of Kings was edited around the time of 550 BCE. Much better estimates were already at hand in the day and much earlier, though they must not have been known to the editors of the Bible. The Babylonians also played an early hand at the area of a circle but it wasnt known until 1936 when a Babylonian tablet was unearthed. It states that a ratio of the perimeter of a hexagon to the circumference of a circumscribed circle equals in modern terms (the Babylonians used a numerical system that was base 60 and not base 10 as we use today). One of the reasons they chose the hexagon was because the perimeter of a hexagon is exactly equal to six times the radius of the circumscribed circle. This is . Since the definition of Pi is the circumference divided by Diameter, we come to . Therefore, the equation in turn gives us or . This is just under the true value of Pi. .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .postImageUrl , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:visited , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:active { border:0!important; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:active , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child company experience is one of the sweetest experience Essay Most early estimates for Pi were no more exact than saying that Pi was greater than but less than . Most of the methods for solving for the area of a Circle are also unknown as to how they were derived. Many scholars deduce that early estimators of the circle were able to find their measurements by a ways of rearranging. For example, if you have a rectangle, and you cut off a triangle from one end of the rectangle then reattach it to the opposite side in which the triangle came from, then you now have a parallelogram of equal area to which the rectangle had before. Applying this type of thinking to a circle, we must first cut a circle into four equal parts. Placing the parts side by side so that their flat side lay against each other and the round outer edges face the outside. You continue to do this process to smaller and smaller sections of a given circle. Given that you will reach an infinite amount of pieces that are rearranged in this way you will be left with a rectangle that has one side that is length and another side that is width . The resulting area of this arranged rectangle is , the area of a circle. This method is later discovered on a Japanese paper roll dated to 1693, which was later used by Leonardo Da Vinci. Another great mind in the history of the area of a Circle was Archimedes of Syracuse. Noted for his naked run through Syracuse shouting Eureka! after having solved a problem while taking a bath Archimedes derived a new way in which to find the area of a circle. Consider a circle of radius 1 which is circumscribed by a polygon of sides, with semi perimeter bn. Another polygon of sides, with semi perimeter an , super scribes the circle such as the chart on the next page demonstrates. The diagram below demonstrates the case n=2, with the hexagons having 6 sides. The goal of this procedure is to make it such that . Through this infinite series the polygons converge upon the circle and form a circle that overlaps the original circle. Though, Archimedes didnt have Calculus to aid his search. Through only geometrical means, Archimedes determined that Pi lay somewhere between and . So, let =K sin (#61552;/K) and =K tan ( /K). If we assume that K is the number of sides that the polygon has, namely sides, then, through mathematical induction, and . Archimedes used this convention to arrive at a polygon with 96 sides, or n=6, which led him to Pi being in between and which is . Let it be noted that Archimedes did this estimation without Trigonometry, Calculus, and decimal notation. This method of finding the area of a Circle was used until recent times where computers have taken over the main task of finding the never ending search for all the number s in Pi. There are many more very good estimates for the area of a circle throughout history. Though, at the time at which Archimedes made his discovery of a truly accurate way to find the true vale of Pi, there was a split in thought. One side followed Archimedes and took his formula to the side to find Pi to over 35 accurate decimals, by hand. The other side followed the past to a less productive area of mathematics. These people have come to be known as the Circle Squarers. Much like the early attempts of rearranging the circle into a Rectangle, these people try and try again to fit the area of a circle into that of a square using only a compass, straight edge, and a pencil. Many a great mathematicians wandered over to this once in their career and usually came to the conclusion that Pi= , which is a common solution to the problem among circle squarers. It wasnt until 1882 when Ferdinand Lindemann proved that Pi was a transcendental number that the claim of the Circle Squarers was finally thrown out. .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .postImageUrl , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:visited , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:active { border:0!important; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:active , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay Pi, being a transcendental number, cannot be expressed as a finite algebraic equation and thus, cannot be reconstructed as a square through Euclidean Geometry. Though, even after Lindemanns historical find, Circle Squarers, now called cyclometers, continued to pour their incorrect theories onto the mathematical world. Most of them state that one great mathematician was wrong, or that there is a conspiracy hiding the true value of Pi. The problem with Cyclometers is that they can show you they are right, however cannot prove it using conventional mathematics. For instance, a cyclometer can show you a circle of diameter one and roll it along a ruler and show you that the circumference of the circle is exactly 3.1415. Some even dare to argue that great mathematicians such as Pythagoras and Archimedes were incorrect, the rest of the mathematical world doesnt dare question their founding mathematicians, and that they alone, the cyclometer, have discovered the true value of Pi. One circle squarer even went so far as to submit a law in his home state of Indiana that his value of Pi be used as the legal value of Pi. It was passed, but to this day awaits further legislation in regard to its factuality. In the end, there is still an ongoing search for the true area of a Circle in continued research of the number Pi. Scientists today have reached a record number of decimals of Pi to 206,158,430,000 using a Hitachi Supercomputer. The calculation took 37 hours, 21 minutes and 4 seconds. Using the latest calculation for Pi, if you were to assemble a circle a million miles in diameter, the circle would be less than an inch off. But why the pursuit of a solution that will never end? For many, being that there are no perfect circles even in nature, the perfect circle is an unattainable goal to seek. Through the adventure of discovering new aspects about the circle, other insights may be revealed. The mystery of the circle is an endless pursuit, but for mathematicians, it is the pursuit of perfection.

Plagiarism in the Digital Age Essay Example

Plagiarism in the Digital Age Essay Example Plagiarism in the Digital Age Paper Plagiarism in the Digital Age Paper To plagiarize means to steal and pass off as ones own the ideas or words of another. In academic environment, it can be when one uses some paper when an online essay plagiarism check shows this paper is not a unique one its someones else writing. Todays society revolves heavily around technology and the internet, which creates a generation that has different ideals and standards about plagiarism. The simple act of cutting and pasting as described by author William Gibson in Gods Little Toys: Confessions of a cut and paste artist is no longer simple; it is complex. Instead of viewing it as wrong, which is done in Trip Gabriels article, Plagiarism Lines Blur for students in the digital age, it should be seen as a new form of creation and xpression. The digital ages expansion requires new standards and interpretations of plagiarism because of the growing use of mixing and matching of ideas. In William Gibsons article, Gods Little Toys: Confessions of a Cut and Paste Artist, he describes how todays growing internet culture constantly redefines our culture. Gibson narrates his discovery of the radical writer William S. Burroughs whose method of writing involved incorporating other writers texts into his own work. Normally this would be considered plagiarism, but Burroughs believed it was essential to his work. Gibson explains how Burroughs, although used the scissors and paste pot method, was no plagiarist at all. He compares this style of writing to the work of visionary DJs methods of breaking apart different records and incorporating them into their own music to make new hits. The remix is the product of todays audience participating in their culture rather than passively listening. This new form of creation sprung from the expanding digital age. Gibson describes how the cut and paste method is a technology that emerged on its own and we simply follow it wherever it will take us. He states that even though many are unaware, we own our culture; We own our words. In Trip Gabriels article Plagiarism Lines Blur for students in the digital age, he explains how plagiarism is a growing problem due to the different type of internet age this generation is growing up in. He explains how students growing up in the internet age show a lack of understanding that information found on the internet does not belong to them. Gabriel speaks of multiple cases of students that believed information and texts found on the internet did not need to be cited because it was assumed to be common knowledge. These days, students fail to see that lifting texts or words from the internet and pasting it into their own work is a serious offense. This generation believes that information found on the web is fair game for anyone to take because of how easily accessible it is. Ms. Bookover, an undergraduate Trip Gabriel interviewed about the cheating going on in college life, describes how walking into a library and actually holding the article is different than viewing it online. Being in the same place one downloads music and video gives the researcher the sense that everything can belong to you. She discusses how students feel it is O. K. to uses someone elses words as long as you dont care and do it purely for a grade. She emphasizes that if the educational system loosens plagiarism standards, creativity will decline and laziness will grow. Bookover believes one major factor for the growth of plagiarism is the lack of preparation and education given in high school In both Gibson and Gabriels articles the use of copied texts is discussed, although, both have contrasting opinions on the subject. Gabriel emphasizes shared texts as being a problem and labels it as plagiarism, whereas Gibson explains how it is a new orm of creating work in an ever changing age of the internet. Gabriel describes a one dimensional evaluation of the topic and Gibson a multi-faceted assessment. Instead of viewing mixing and matching as a crime that does not foster creativity, it should be seen as more of a way to bring together great ideas that have already been written and creating new works of art (Gabriel). Just like DJs around the world who are deconstructing recorded music to create their own versions, writers who use the ideas of others create their own (Gibson). Applying the same methods, riters use an endless recombinant process that actively uses ideas from past work as a Jumping off point and expand upon them (Gibson). This characteristic of todays digital media age should not be frowned on by the academic community, but rather viewed with an open mind. The availability of information on the internet is a useful tool that was meant to be taken advantage of. Students feel confined when they fear the possibility of accidentally using an idea that was not originally theirs, and as a result, stifled creativity. The idea that students simply do not grasp that using words they did not write is a erious misdeed is a true statement when blatant copying and pasting of whole paragraphs or essays is concerned, but not so much when ideas or certain texts are taken and used (Gabriel). Making collages out of previous work should not be put into the same category as mindless copying and pasting because inspiration does not equal plagiarism. The standards defining plagiarism need to be rethought now that todays generation is able to see the endless possibilities and combinations of ideas and information that is open to them. All of the information and all of the ideas in the pool of knowledge belong to the people.

What Is Content Marketing

What Is Content Marketing No one cares about advertising anymore. Content marketing is king. We skip ads using our DVR. We buy Netflix on demand. We scroll past the ever-increasing number of ads in our Facebook feed.  We dont like ads, and thats discouraging for those who are trying to market their product. But, there is hope. We share blog posts and recommend them to our friends. We comment and discuss the killer content that we love. Getting the word out about our brand, business, product, or organization isnt impossible, but the methods have surely changed.  Content marketing is taking over the world. What is content marketing? What is Content Marketing? Advertising is built on   interruptions–taking up 30 seconds of your time during the Super Bowl, or sneaking its way into your social media feeds. No matter when it happens, you probably didnt ask for it. This is what makes it annoying. Content marketing is different. Content marketing is permission-based.   Its marketing that we freely invite into our lives, and sometimes even share with our friends. Content marketing is any marketing format that involves the creation and sharing of media and publishing content in order to acquire customers. -Wikipedia Content marketing is built on the idea that the best way to build trust with our potential customers is to give them something they want. Online, this often translates to  helpful content that doesnt interrupt whatever the visitor is doing, but rather invites them to learn, enjoy, and connect. Good content marketing  brings the user to us, rather than forcing ourself in front of the user.  This builds trust and loyalty with potential customers.   The Content Marketing Institute says it more formally: Content marketing is a marketing technique of creating and distributing relevant and valuable content to attract, acquire, and engage a clearly defined and understood target audience–with the objective of driving profitable customer action. While it employs a less in your face approach, content marketing is still about results. In fact, it is often more result-driven than its traditional counterpart. Inbound Marketing More recently, the term inbound marketing (also Seth Godins term, permission marketing) has taken hold as a way to describe the type of marketing that allows customers to come to the brand on their own rather than the brand reaching out to the customer via advertising. This idea is built upon the assumption that if you publish helpful content, the customer will look for the business that is offering the best advice. The best way to understand this is to think about a Google search. If a customer does a search online for advice on how to grow their garden, what will they find? Chances are, they will receive a list of blog posts and articles offering tips and tricks for gardeners. Because Google prioritizes local results, a local nursery that is offering this type of advice on their blog will rank highly in the search results. For the local nursery, this is an inbound marketing technique–getting the customer to reach out to you first. It is pretty easy to see that this entire transaction was only made possible because of helpful content that exists because of content marketing. What Is Content Marketing (Not)? Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of what something is not rather than what is it. Content marketing is many things, but there are definitely a few things that it is not. It Is Not About You  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This one flies directly in the face of most advertising theories. Ads are always about the company paying for them. With content marketing, we need to take the opposite approach. The content needs to be about our audience. It Is Not About Your Product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Its not about our company, but surely its about the our product? Nope, its not about that either. Content marketing is 100% about helping your customer succeed (using your content). Again, not your product. It Is Not About Instant Sales – Content marketing is a long-term strategy for building customer trust and loyalty to a brand or an idea. It isnt as concerned with an immediate sale. It knows that sales are earned by building customer trust. After all, you cant trick anyone into buying anything. It Is Not About Creativity – Creativity is king for the advertising world, but not content marketing. Content has a bigger mission.

Taxes and Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taxes and Policies - Essay Example The PTC has provided a big impetus to the industry. Unfortunately, the PTC is going to expire at the end of 2013 and that is causing the ripples among developers. Hydropower industry has come a long way providing 8% of all power generation and remains the dominant industry among all renewable power generation facilities of the country. The US government did a stupendous job by formulating the PTC in their 2005 Energy Policy Act and since then the industry is on resurge. It is not out of place to mention here that 84,000 families have now access to the cleaner source of energy (Snyder 2012). It is strongly required that the PTC is provided a long-term extension to continue with the high growth that has been witnessed in these years. There is no doubt that our country has absolute advantage in harnessing hydropower and that is evident from the fact that taking advantage of the PTC, 23 states have increased their hydropower output by around 11% and more can be done in the years to come provided the government continues to grant their support as done in the past (Church

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example The opponents of globalisation until now have achieved greater success in garnering support from the public, owing to their ability for framing arguments in their favour, focussing on issues like use of child labour by MNCs in developing economies, and indifference of the developed nations towards serious health issues like AIDS seen rampantly spreading in the developing nations. The proponents of globalisation on the other hand present statistical data in their favour that though scien...tifically sound evidences are often difficult to comprehend from the viewpoint of a layman (ibid). Despite the contentions over globalisation and its effects, in the past three decades, observations reveal that large-scale globalisation and worldwide interconnectedness have gained increased popularity in all spheres of life, ranging from economic to technology to cultural. Globalisation of world economy has occurred due to rapid expansion of trade, financial activities, production of goods, which li nks economic growth and development of all nations across the world within the main trading zones (developed nations) and beyond (emerging economies of developing nations). As was evident during the global economic crunch of 2007-2008, currently globalisation has taken place to such extent that no national economy can safeguard itself from the ‘contagion effect’ of the disturbances within global financial markets (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2011). The term globalisation can be interpreted in various ways. According to the most popular interpretation, the term means creation of a uniform platform at global basis, where there is synchronisation of technology, economy and culture, to create a standardised world. This perspective primarily translates into referring globalisation as westernisation of the oriental world. According to another perspective, globalisation is a form of hybridisation that creates a melange of various cultures and socioeconomic structures worldwide. H owever, from a study of the various perspectives it is not easy to derive a particular ‘correct’ interpretation, as the meaning of the term can vary based on the context on which it is used. As for example, economics globalisation, which takes place through the integration of national economies with the global economy via foreign direct investments or FDIs, capital flows, immigration and spread of technological knowledge in all fields, refers to liberalisation of trade markets and spread of capitalist market values (Bhagwati, 2004). In the arena of international relations, it refers to the development of global power play with more focus on interstate relations. Globalisation within sociology relates to changes within the present society its effects and the development of the so-called ‘global society,’ while in cultural context globalisation pertains to the study of effects of global interconnectedness on the culture and identity of various communities wor ldwide. Therefore, it is quite clear that globalisation has many facets and is hence difficult to delineate and ascertain whether it is a panacea (as per the neo-liberals who are strong proponents of globalisation) or a plague (as per the leftists or the anti-neoliberal group forum that are against

Balloon Cars Essay Example for Free

Balloon Cars Essay Repulsorlifts as a Method of Stable Magnetic Levitation| Repulsorlifts were used in the study to find out if they can be used to replace the wheels of a conventional car. It was hypothesized that it will be able to lift a car using magnetic repulsion forces. The different magnets were tested individually with the usual tests for magnetic strength, size, and temperature increase, which were done in the preliminary testing. The prototype road and car were then constructed based on the specifications that had been identified after the preliminary testing. The prototype car’s magnets were permanent magnets while the road magnets were electromagnets. They had been oriented so that the magnets would repel each other.After the levitation tests, the proponents constructed other prototype roads and cars, based on the design which increased the chances for stability of the project. The repulsorlift setups were then tested for levitation. It was found that the repulsorlift was capable of lifting the car, yet its stability and lift would depend on two factors: the strength and the ratio of the strength of the car and road magnets, and the angles at which the car magnets are oriented. Therefore, repulsorlifts can be used as a method of levitation for cars once the lift would be sufficient to resist both gravity and the weights on the car.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser.Researchers Earl Angelo B. Panganiban Cebu City National Science High School Cost-Effective Free Fall Apparatus| Cost-Effective Free Fall Apparatus for Elementary and Secondary Students. Public Schools do not have sufficient funds for the purchase of a Free-Fall Apparatus, which is used to measure the time for a falling object to hit the switch pad from a certain point. A cost-effective Free-Fall Apparatus was constructed with the aid of recycled materials to serve as a cheaper alternative for this device. This study was intended for the improvement of the original equipment in terms of materials used, structural design,  function and price. The main structure was built with the use of excess planks of wood. The electromagnet, powered by three volt-battery was assembled. Wires were tapped into the stopwatch and were connected to the electromagnet. The Power Supply Box was connected to the Synchro Box to allow relay function.The electromagnet was finally affixed to the device through the use of a large paper clip. A tape measure was fastened to the equipment. The switch pad was affixed through the use of a lever and magnet. The apparatus was tested for several times until it functioned accurately. The innovation proved to be very efficient. It showed the same function as the original one although the initial design was altered. Special features include the machine’s flexibility and added parts such as the lever. This apparatus can really be used by various public schools throughout the country because of its effectiveness and affordability.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser. Para-Toluenesulfonate Doped Polypyrolle as EMF Electrode Source| A conducting polymer was synthesized from polypyrolle doped with paratoluenesulfonate (p-TS) using electrochemical deposition technique to find a substitute for metal electrodes in EMF sources. Samples were produced with varying p-TS molarity, specifically 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 M. Initial characterization of samples was done using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) for surface analysis, and the Energy Dispersive X-ray system (EDX) for elemental analysis. Surface analysis of thin sheets was observed to be fibrillar, while thick samples had globular surface. Traces of Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Sulfur in decreasing order of concentration, were detected in the EDX system, showing potential as conducting material.To determine potential as EMF source, samples were subjected to Van der Pauw Measurement. Conductivity was found to be within 20 to 200 siemens, resulting in a computed resistivity of 0.05 to 0.005 ohms. These values are  comparable to those of certain conductors such as copper. When used in a chemical cell with copper and zinc sulfate solution, the EMF produced was between 1 to 1.5 volts. This showed that the p-TS-doped polypyrolle is a good conductor and could be a possible electrode of a battery. Thermal analysis yielded a peak of endothermic reaction at 350 ºCelsius. Degradation point was at 770 degrees celsius. The sodium para-toluenesulfonate-doped polypyrolle opens the prospect of creating lightweight batteries, since they are approximately 80% lighter than common metal electrodes used in EMF sources. This progress signals a breakthrough in plastic electronics.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser. Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching in Optical Communication Systems. A diffraction grating was fabricated from an elastic polymer. It was patterned after a plane reflection grating with a pitch of 1,200 lines/mm. It was characterized using HeNe laser to verify grating properties. Angular scanning as a function of applied strain was observed for two individual wavelengths. Intensity of the fiber output was optimized as an application of angular scanning in fine alignment. Beam profiles showed consistency of first order diffraction intensities at different levels of strain. This showed that the elastomeric grating’s efficiency is independent of strain. The elastomeric grating’s variable pitch can be of immense utility in optical communication systems.A stretchable grating can be used to replace typical high-cost architectures of metal or glass gratings of different pitches that correspond to various spectral regions. By changing the pitch, the grating can be used for different ranges of wavelength. The elastomeric grating’s variable pitch can be used to scan different wavelengths over a wide selection since elastomeric grating diffracts different wavelength division multiplexing in optical communication systems. Laser beams of different wavelengths carrying different signals can be transmitted simultaneously through an optical fiber and diffracted to route the wavelengths onto separate wavelength-specific channels.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be  directed to the researchers and adviser.

The Origin of the Work of Art Essay -- Literary Analysis, Heidegger

In The Origin of the Work of Art, Heidegger attempts to the answer the question of what art is, as well as try to find the origin of art itself. In his attempt Heidegger distinguishes between his ideas of â€Å"Work† and â€Å"Equipment†. While, central to his argument within The Origin of the Work of Art, these ideas are important within themselves in Heidegger’s Philosophy. In this essay I will define as well as compare and contrast these two concepts. I will also explain the ideas of â€Å"Earth† and â€Å"World† presented by Heidegger in order to facilitate this goal. Finally, I’ll conclude the paper by summarizing the key concepts and their relationship to one another. In order to accomplish the goal of defining and explaining both â€Å"Equipment† & â€Å"Work†; I’ll need to introduce and explain two other prevalent concepts in Heidegger’s work. These are the concepts of â€Å"World† and â€Å"Earth†. First I’ll start with the notion of â€Å"World†. Heidegger writes, â€Å"The world is not the mere collection of the countable or uncountable, familiar and unfamiliar things that are at hand† (Heidegger, pg.170). Heidegger is stating that the â€Å"World† isn’t merely an ontical concept that most of us perceive of, a totality of matter existing within the material conception of â€Å"World†. Heidegger clearly explains, â€Å"The world worlds, and is more fully in being than the tangible and perceptible realm in which we believe ourselves to be at home† (Heidegger, pg 170). Heidegger defines â€Å"World† as an ontological concept, in which a web of significant relations exists between Dasein and all that is ready-at-hand. For example, a coffee table exists in a web of significant relations for it points to those who regularly sit at it, which then can branch of to the various conversations ha... ...e work lets the earth be an earth† (Heidegger, pg 172). He then adds, â€Å"The opposition of world and earth is strife† (Heidegger, pg 174). We finally have the criteria of what â€Å"Work† is. Heidegger explains that work sets up a world and sets forth the â€Å"Earth†. â€Å"The work is an instigating of this strife† (Heidegger, pg 175). That strife opens truth or as Heidegger puts it, â€Å"Aletheia† to the observer of the â€Å"Work†. The struggle or â€Å"Strife† is the process of a work of art taking place within the art work itself. In conclusion, the concepts of â€Å"Work† and â€Å"Equipment† that Heidegger presents in The Origin of the Work of Art can be summarized as follows. â€Å"Equipment† defines itself by its use and â€Å"Work† is grounded upon the â€Å"Earth† and â€Å"World† it was created on. Whose essential importance cannot be understated in order to understand Heidegger’s message within the text.

Individual Asset Allocation Exercise Essay

Group 2 Questions for Individual Asset Allocation Exercise: 1. Allocate your fictional $1,000,000 among the following three asset categories: Asset U.S. Equities U.S. 30-Year Treasury Bonds Cash Total Allocation 45% 35% 20% 100% Justify your allocation based on your outlook for systematic risk in the U.S. economy over the next year. Based on GDP, there is an expected growth in rates for the following quarter, though it may not be a dramatic one. Rates have been fluctuating within about a 1-2% range in the previous quarters following 2010. Investing in stocks would be logical when there is a growth since more business activities will be carried out, thus translating into higher corporate profits. However, a growing GDP may put the economy at risk of inflation. GDP may be growing due to consumer confidence, which too seems to be steadily growing. Consumer confidence shows that consumers are more likely to spend and invest in the economy, which will help to boost it. This is good for stocks since a growing GDP will result in healthy corporate profits and higher stock prices. Consumers may be more able to spend and invest in the economy due to a fall in jobless claims. This means there are more people working so less people are filing for unemployment insurance, thus an improving labor market. Since more people have jobs there is more spending within the economy, which translates into a healthier economy overall. However, too little jobless claims may have a negative impact on the economy in that it may trigger wage inflation, which is bad news for the stock market. Businesses have to set out incentives like paying overtime or higher wages to attract employment, thus spending more in labor costs. The Federal Reserve tends to increase interest rates when wage inflation looks too threatening, which negatively affects both the stock and bond market. Due to the aforementioned market risks in the economy, it seems optimal to invest the largest segment (45%) to US equities. The US seems to be thriving in a growing economy since the financial crisis, which is favorable to the stock market, since a healthy economy leads to an increase in equity prices, which thrives on growing corporate profits. It would then be optimal to allocate 35% to US 30 year treasury bonds, since bonds tend to be less risky than stocks. Bonds have a higher likelihood of receiving a return on the investment than stocks, which have a higher possibility of loss. However, bonds do have a lesser return on investment, thus as much profit won’t be made compared to a stock that’s doing well. However bonds tend to be safer, though at the same time are at a risk of being affected by inflation since the economy often walks a fine line between strong growth and excessive growth in the economy. Finally, 20% should be kept as cash just to make sure that there is cash at hand in case of emergencies. Since there are risks associated with both the bond and stock market alike, as the economy grows and becomes in risk of inflation. Cash will be able to provide flexibility during times when the market is feeling pressured.

Critique Nursing Journal Article

Complications from, and economic costs associated with diabetes are on the rise. The concern is that this global health epidemic is only expected to worsen in the coming decades. One quantitative research study aims to improve patient outcomes specifically related to proper control of blood glucose level, by linking patient outcomes with health literacy and patient trust. A quantitative study consisting of a convenience sample of 102 subjects from two urban health care centers was used. Patient demographics, socioeconomic status, and diabetes related knowledge, and depression were measured. The results of this study are mixed in supporting the hypothesis that lower health literacy directly impacts glycemic control. The 2010 journal article titled, â€Å"Impact of health literacy and patient trust on glycemic control in urban USA population† from Nursing Health and Sciences, hypothesizes a direct relationship between a patient’s overall health literacy and the ability to maintain glycemic control. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not Salvation The study’s intent is to examine questions related to health literacy and a patient’s trust in their healthcare provider to make a connection to how well the subjects managed glycemic control. Questions related to potential depression are also relevant. Author, Josephine M. Mancuso, PhD, ANP-BC from Marquette University, has published articles in the following nursing journals: Journal Of Nursing Care Quality, Journal Of Professional Nursing: Official Journal Of The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing, Western Journal Of Nursing Research, and Nursing & Health Sciences. In this research study, the author seeks to examine correlation between dependent and independent variables. The suspected purpose is often to generate hypotheses that can be tested in experimental research. In her study, Mancuso used the following set of eligibility criterion: subjects were ? 18 years of age, fluent in English, confirmed diabetes type 1 or 2, HbA1c within 6 months of the study, and received treatment for diabetes at least twice in the previous year. Using the above criteria, 102 subjects total ere selected from two different urban healthcare clinics (Mancuso, 2010). This study aims to draw correlation between glycemic control (dependent variable) and overall health literacy and patient trust (independent variables). According to Polit & Beck, a dependent variable is what is measured in an experiment and what is affected during the experiment. The dependent variable responds to the independent variable. It is called â€Å"dependent† because it cannot exist wit hout the independent variable. An independent variable can be controlled and manipulated (Polit & Beck, 2010). Strength of this research is the highlighting positive effects of proper glycemic control on overall health. The author states, â€Å"Control of blood glucose is a central outcome of diabetes management† (2010). This suggests that with proper maintenance of blood glucose levels and by lowering the HbA1c by 1%, patients can extend their life expectancy 5-8 years with lowered risks of eye, kidney, and peripheral nerve complications (2010). Strength is also found in validation of statistical information from the American Diabetes Association. While conducting the study, Mancuso noted that 35% of participants achieved the desired HbA1c of ?7% (2010). She cites the ADA reporting that, â€Å"37% of adults diagnosed with diabetes in the USA achieve glycemic control† (Mancuso, 2010). It is important for all individuals with diabetes to be mindful of blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels to reduce potential life-limiting complications of diabetes. Finally, strength in the research is found in the correlation of a person’s level of depression and trust in healthcare providers. Mancuso states, â€Å"The current ?ndings are congruent with and add to the other studies that evaluated the in?uence of patient trust and depression on glycemic control† (2010). This is important to healthcare professionals in part because communication can be hindered if depression is present. Recognizing depression and opening lines of communication is crucial in establishing patient trust (2010). When a patient trusts the health care professional, they will likely be more open to discussing symptoms, adherence to medication management, and non-compliance with health care regimen. With this information, the health care professional can create a plan of care that is individualized and meets the unique learning style needs of every patient. Improving patient trust will improve patient outcomes. Limiting characteristics that potentially threaten the validity of the results include a relatively small sample size of a homogenous population, potential cultural bias and lack of congruent variables. If a sample size is too small, it may be difficult to find any significance in the relationship between the variables. Also, a small sample size may not provide a representative distribution of the population being studied (Mancuso, 2010). In addition, the study’s objective and design were incongruent. Lack of a control group threatens internal validity because it was not clear if any benefits â€Å"observed† accurately reflected correlation between dependent and independent variables. Perhaps with this low income demographic, simply having access to a physician would have been sufficient to foster improved patient outcomes. In addition, it is not clear how or why these urban health care centers were selected. Whether or not there is any affiliation bias remains uncertain. External validity is questioned because it was not clear to whom the results would benefit. Potential bias is evidenced in the following statement by Mancuso, â€Å"The use of such similar samples that capture the working poor is rather generalized in its interpretations. This could lead to potential bias as socioeconomic and demographic information was collected† (2010). Additionally, patient trust develops from an initial vulnerability that eventually results in a reliance on the provider to care for their interests and needs. If a person is feeling intimidated or their current health literacy level prevents them from fully understanding information given, faulty findings may be demonstrated in this quantitative study. Further limitation is discovered in the lack of identified interventions that increased health literacy and patient trust. Whether an intervention is effective, on whom it is effective, how much benefit it produces and whether or not it is associated with negative outcomes should be addressed. Clearly, this study had many weaknesses that limit its value and the applicability of results. It is not clear why the study was not labeled simply as an exploratory qualitative study. Possibly further research exists on the topic. Ultimately, the convenience sample of 102 patients with diabetes demonstrated that patient trust and patient depression was significant. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between a test subject’s lack of knowledge of diabetes management and low health literacy (Mancuso, 2010). Discovery of the correlation between an increase in health literacy and an increase in diabetes knowledge was found (2010). A positive correlation was found between a patient’s HbA1c level and that patient suffering from depression. A negative correlation was found between patient trust and HbA1c. As patient trust increased, HbA1c decreased (Mancuso, 2010). These results indicate that promotion of the patient–provider relationship, adequate depression screening in individuals with diabetes, as well as needed exploration of new strategies for diabetes education are much needed interventions in the goal of glycemic control. According to the study, the majority of participants who demonstrated poor glycemic control conversely demonstrated health literacy. It is not known how or why some individuals with satisfactory health literacy revealed poor glycemic control. Because of this, the study fails to connect health literacy and glycemic control in the test subjects (Mancuso, 2010). The significant variables related to proper glycemic control were patient trust and depression (Mancuso, 2010). Brega,et al state, â€Å"results indicated that diabetes-related knowledge is a key mediator of the relationship between health literacy and glycemic control and highlighted the important association of diabetes knowledge with health behavior† (2012). Similarly, a study by Coffman, Norton & Beene, acknowledged a knowledge deficiency related to diabetes. This lack of knowledge when coupled with low health literacy created obstacles to health care and prevented fitting interventions (2012). The importance of the direction of this study is most relevant. The author attempts to address barriers to glycemic control that lead to complications from diabetes. Disease complications and rising costs associated with diabetes, is likened to a public health crisis that is projected to only get worse. The improvement of diabetes related outcomes could potentially positively impact all health care system. Future research in all areas of diabetic monitoring and teaching will be needed to advance the structure of diabetes education. The WHO estimates that 347 million people worldwide have diabetes. The WHO projects that diabetes related deaths will double between 2005 and 2030 (2013). No longer is diabetes associated with the gluttonous rich. The WHO states, â€Å"More than 80% of people with diabetes live in low and middle-income countries† (WHO, 2013). Diabetes has become a disease of poverty in developed countries. Incidents of diabetes is increasing most rapidly in developing countries, in theory, because industrialization and urbanization have led to a decrease in time to prepare a nutritious meal and costs associated with fresh produce is prohibitive. Preservation of functional status and improvement in quality of life can be achieved with proper management of diabetes through adequate glycemic control. Depression and any correlation with patient trust of healthcare providers will need further investigation in other patient demographics. As we struggle to combat diabetes, ongoing encouragement of individuals to change their lifestyle choices may be the best way to proceed.

2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture

2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture 2 Minute Presentation Topics on Modern Architecture If you are tasked with giving a presentation on modern architecture, you have the unique opportunity to introduce a not well known aspect of buildings and their history. While 2 minutes are not that long, it is still long enough to give your classmates an introduction to one aspect of architecture you might find fascinating. If you are in need of 2 minute presentation topics on modern architecture then consider the list of 20 topics below: How Social Housing Architecture Is Changing Urban Redevelopment: Architectural Assessments and Change The Role Played by the Church of England in Maintaining National Architecture Preserving National Heritage: How Modern Architecture Must Remake Historic Buildings Global Cultural Spaces: How Architecture Reflects Identity Sustained Buildings: Combining Nature and Architecture University Architecture and Design: The Search for Modern Perfection The Rich Decoration of Venetian Style Architecture Victorian-Edwardian Styles of Modern Architecture What Changing Architectural Styles Tell about the Civic Pride in Modern Architecture The Political Aesthetic of Foster’s Dome The Americanization of British Urban Architecture Reinventing Civic Design with Modern Architecture Environmentally Friendly Architecture: How Modern Utilities Have Changed Architectural Standards Clean Lines Creating Challenges for Modern Maintenance The Influence of Islam on the Architecture of Turkey: How Changing Rulers Changed the Construction The Influence of Christianity on Architecture: The Incorporation of Religious Artwork on Public Buildings The Geometric Shapes Used in Islamic Construction: How Interior Designs Reflect Internal Beliefs The Decline of Modern Architecture How Architecture Expresses More than Structure: The Historical Lessons Hidden in Each Building The first thing you must note is that nearly all academic writing is opinionated to some degree, meaning that no matter what you are writing, your goal is to present your opinion, often supported with facts. That being said, when writing on this particular topic, your goal is to present enough facts to support your point of view. Once you have a topic, you must start writing out the key points you want to cover. By writing a short draft or outline the same as you would do in an essay, you can review what you have and time your speech before you stand up in front of the class. Editing is important, but you should not rush it. Start at least 24 hours after you produce your first draft. In addition to this you want to make sure that your sentences flow smoothly and all of your thoughts or ideas are properly connected. You want to finally look over everything for spelling or grammar mistakes. Print out a copy too! Reading it out loud gives you the opportunity to catch smaller errors that might have gone otherwise unnoticed. Having the red pen with you allows you to write down immediately what areas need to be fixed so that once you are done, you can go back and make any necessary changes before printing out your final copy. Our professional custom writing company is a good PowerPoint presentation maker  available for students. All you need is to place your order at our website.

Book Review Of Rich Dad Poor Dad Philosophy Essay

Book Review Of Rich Dad Poor Dad Philosophy Essay Rich Dad, Poor Dad: What The Rich Teach Their Kids About Money – That The Poor And Middle Class Do Not! Nobody wants to be poor. Everyone wants to be rich. However, no matter how high people reach or how hard people work, still many of us struggle financially, have insufficient funds to meet our expenses, are unprepared for retirement and simply are not able to attain all our wants. And there are only but a few â€Å"lucky ones† who end up being successful, money-wise. And the solutions that we normally come up with are to look for higher paying jobs, get a second or even a third job, acquire more assets and maybe hope to win the lottery. In this book, the author presents that our thoughts and actions have great impact on our lives. Our way of thinking, choices and decisions lead us to become either rich or poor. By presenting two contrasting mentalities, we get to not just accept one but to ponder on both and choose for ourselves how we will live our lives. The centra l and most important point presented here is in order for us to prevent money struggle, as early as we can, we should already be thinking, reflecting and directing our thoughts toward becoming rich. We should teach and use our minds to harness the power of money. This book is a wake up call to all of us to educate ourselves on money matters. Financial education is not being taught in school. We first learn it at home. And since most of us are not financially literate and the advice that we give are from past generations that do not really meet the changes of the present times, we end up teaching the young ones how to become like what most of us already are. A poor man can only teach much and mostly those teachings are what they have applied for themselves, thus continuing the cycle of money struggle. It is alarming to note that a lot of people are on their path to becoming poor each day and only a handful become mindful of their future and the future of nations and the rest of the w orld. I think finishing this book is not the point where we start applying this knowledge. Teaching our children but not changing our ways might just be not so beneficial, and so I suggest that upon learning this new perspective on money, one should realign his thinking, choices and decisions in order to fully reap the bounties. Some of the advice presented in this book are quite scary and risky but they do challenge us to exercise our minds and stretch our thoughts. It was also surprising how Robert Kiyosaki began this book. He was downright challenging the traditional ways of sending our children to school, motivating them to get grades and finish their studies and influencing them to find a good job by telling us that this could be their path to becoming poor. Further, he clearly chose the Rich Dad for his role model, someone who did not even finish the eighth grade.

Impact of TESOL Continuing Professional Development programs (CPDs) Research Paper

Impact of TESOL Continuing Professional Development programs (CPDs) - Research Paper Example Impact of TESOL Continuing Professional Development programs (CPDs) Therefore, despite the numerous continues development programs available, the success of such programmes are measured by how best such trainees are able to transfer knowledge gained to their respective duties, skills improvement, in addition to job performance. Due to developments in information technology, there are increasing perceptions that ICT has resulted in major improvements in education, and may transform the learning process when implemented effectively (Oblinger & Oblinger, 2005). However, there are still arguments that discussions on ICT improving education are far-fetched, and that ICT has not always resulted to outright improvement of such programs (Smeets, 2005). Therefore, effectiveness of such teachers training programs related to ICT and other platforms have resulted in different findings depending on how such learning programs are implemented in different learning environments. This paper examines the challenges and impact of various professional training programs on both teachers and students. The article investigates several research papers on professional training programs, and outlines various findings to make a general summary regarding the impact of such programs. Short in-service teacher training (INSET) courses are one way in which the skills and knowledge of teachers may be revitalized through enhancing their skills and knowledge on specific aspects.... INSET courses are aimed at facilitating and stimulating new ideas in teachers and as a platform for teachers to meet and share with new colleagues their experiences and skills. However, the impact of the INSET courses according to Lamb may not be effectively realized without proper follow up of the participants. The motivation and stimulus gained by teachers is fast eroded and teachers are frustrated when trying to implement all newly learned ideas; teachers enroll in such professional development courses to learn new ideas, but have difficulties applying the learned concepts and ideas in a static learning system, which does not encourage or facilitate them to apply such ideas (Lamb, 2005). This brings about tensions and frustrations in teachers. However, Bridges (2007) in a controlled group trial on the effectiveness of INSET reports the group actually registered impressive growth in skills, though on what the researcher termed as cautious positive results in an intensive immersion INSET. A study on Tanzania primary teachers on INSET programs showed that such INSET trained teachers were much better in introducing and developing lessons, in addition to involving students in class group work, which was found to improve learning (Hardman & Dachi, 2012). However, in another study, Bridges (2007) asserted that multiple assessments resulted in a lower self-reporting as the participants did not have enough time to express their concerns in the learning process. Despite this, INSET was found to have a varied degree of positive growth in knowledge acquisition. This reveals that measurement of the programme’s success in this case has to be based on enough feedback from such teachers, and how best class lessons improve. One way to measure the success of INSET programme in

Do violent video games cause behavior problems Essay

Do violent video games cause behavior problems - Essay Example This paper will analyze the studies that have been carried out and try to illustrate their connection with the proposed issue. There has been an ongoing controversy regarding the influence video games have on aggression. The term has been debated and widely discussed in scholarly literature. A study by Barbara investigated current knowledge on the matter by analyzing the theoretical explanations and empirical evidence related to the connection between aggressive behavior and violent video games (Krahe, n.p). It also analyzed the effects video games have on behaviors and cognitions. The article reviews cases when violent activities occurred after a view game experience. It also provides an analysis of experimental, longitudinal and meta analytic studies that were carried out. The study concludes that violent video games enhance one’s readiness in engagement of violent activities. Playing video games considered one of the numerous risks associated with aggression development (Krahe, n.p). The strength of this study lies in the fact that it utilized different experimental methods and a randomly sampled population to attain its results on behavioral changes after playing violent video games. Though experimental procedures were carried out appropriately to determine the above mentioned correlation, there are other aspects of violent behavior that may have been neglected by the experiments. For example, the individuals mood prior to the video games was not assessed and their social background and other influential factors on their behavior. Though video games may have some influence on an individual’s mood the study does not determine what extent the video game has to play on the development of aggressive behavior in the absence of other factors (Schulzke, 127-127). As mentioned above, there are several other studies that have been carried

Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes Dissertation

Women With and Without Gestational Diabetes - Dissertation Example From the discussion it is clear that  women with GDM can increase the unborn child’s risk of experiencing more complications after birth. Often times, these complications include: above the normal child’s birth weight, macrosomia resulting to shoulder dystocia, premature birth, and passing the high blood glucose to the fetus via placental pathways and increased risk of becoming obese.This essay highlights that  lack of exercise when combined with poor diet such as eating foods with high sugar content, foods rich in carbohydrates such as pasta, potatoes, and rice or eating foods that contain calories more than what the mother and the fetus needs can lead to the development of GDM. Over the basal metabolic needs or calorie intake of the mother, mothers who are nurturing only one fetus should limit their added calorie intake to only 300 kcal. Pregnant women should take just enough energy requirement from foods. To avoid developing GDM, pregnant women should limit their intake of carbohydrates. Aside from maintaining weight, pregnant women should avoid ketoacidosis or starvation ketosis. Since the intake of foods and nutrients is one of the main factors that can trigger the development of GDM, this study will discussed the proposed research method on how the researcher will use of cases complete food diary for 7 days and the net wisp program to effectively compare the nutrient intakes of women with and without gestational diabetes.

Strategies for Finding New Equity Capital

Strategies for Finding New Equity Capital Financial Management ABC plc has grown from a company with  £10,000 turnover to one with a  £17m turnover and  £1.8m profit in the last five years. The existing owners have put all their financial resources into the firm to enable it to grow. The directors wish to take advantage of a very exciting market opportunity but would need to find  £20m of new equity capital as the balance sheet is already over-geared (i.e. has high debt). The options being discussed, in a rather uniformed way, are flotation on the Main Market of the London Stock Exchange, a flotation on the Alternative Investment Market and private equity. Write a report to enlighten the board on the merits and disadvantages of each of these three possibilities. Answer: Option 1 Floatation on the main market of LSE. Floating money from LSE will lead to listing of shares of the company. Demerits of listing shares on stock exchange will lead to increase in legal compliances, which will also increase the cost of the company. As the company has grown drastically during the past 5 years, it will be easy for raising money from market which will form part of merits of floating money from LSE. Risks will be shared and a new debt will not appear in balance sheet of the Company. On the other hand raising funds through stock market would lead to loss of ownership and control over the company. Option 2 Private Equity Private equity is raising money from handful of investors. Merits of raising funds through private equity are large amount of funds can be raised , the investors also be a part of management due to which the business is monitored closely by a third party, huge returns can be obtained from private equity investments. Some of the demerits of private equity are loss of management control and dilution of ownership in the Company. Option 3 Alternative Investment Market is getting investment form alternate sources. (Andrew Killick Head of Corporate Finance (South Region) Baker Tilly) Merits The regulations for raising money from Alternative Investment Market are lighter hence it saves the corporate expense. The paying of merger and acquisition is easier. Demerits There is loss of control as the institutions (investors) own large share in the company. Floatation puts the company in the spotlight and under scrutiny, and this continues throughout a public companys life which reduces the privacy. The company has to report results to a tighter timetable and to International Financial Reporting Standards. Management Accounting Management accounting team also come up with some questions and request you to explain/answer them for upcoming board meeting: What is the point of distinguishing between absorption and marginal costing? Why they report different profit, explain with an example? Answer: Example : Variable cost of a product x 10 p.u, fixed cost for the period 100000, Number of units produced 10000, closing stock 1000 units, material cost 15 p.u Value of closing stock under both methods- Marginal costing Closing stock = (Material cost+Variable cost) * Number of Units   = (15+10)*1000 = 25000 Absorption Costing Closing stock = Total cost throughout the year/ total units produced * closing stock = 100000 (fixed cost)+ 100000 (variable cost) + 150000 (material cost)/ 10000*1000 =350000/10000*1000 =35000 The management of XYZ company is concerned about the its inability to obtain enough fully trained labour to enable it to meet its present budget projection: Service A B C Total Variable costs Materials 8 6 7 21 Labour 11 8 14 33 Expenses 5 4 4 13 Allocated fixed cost 6 15 12 33 Total cost 30 33 37 82 Profit 17 4 4 25 Sales revenue 47 37 41 107 The amount of labour likely to be available amounts to  £23,000. All of the variable labour is paid at the same hourly rate. You are asked to prepare a statement of plans, ensuring that at least 50 per cent of the budgeted sales revenues are achieved for each service and the balance of labour is used to produce the greater profit. What steps could the business take in an attempt to improve profitability, in the light of the labour shortage?ANSWER To improve the profit in the light of labour, company should B is the most profited company as it has the maximum profit per unit labour. The second preference should be given to company A as it provides better profit per unit labour then company C. And company C is the last option with least profit per unit labour. MM plc makes Product E, the standard costs of which are: Sales Revenue  £40 Direct labour (1 hour) (13) Direct materials (1 kg) (12) Fixed overheads (5) Standard profit 10 The budgeted output for March was 1,000 units of Product E; the actual output was 1,100 units, which was sold for  £44,400. There were no inventories at the start or end of March. The actual production costs were: Direct labour (1,075 hours) £14,513 Direct Materials (1,170 kg)13,455 Fixed overheads 5,700 How flexible budget will help this company to identify the budget variance? ANSWER Flexible Budget Flexible budget calculates expenditure levels for variable costs. Depending upon the actual revenue different variable cost are considered. Flexible budget results in varying budget depending upon the activities performed. In this case the actual revenue of the company has exceeded the budgeted revenue. The factors affecting the actual revenue and budgeted revenue are Sales, Material, Fixed Overhead, Profit, Labour. So the difference between the actual and budgeted revenue can be easily calculated using Flexible budgeting. REFERENCES Andrew Killick Head of Corporate Finance (South Region) Baker Tilly)