The area of a circle is one of the first formulas Essay Example For Students

The area of a circle is one of the first formulas Essay Pi that you learn as a young math student. It is simply taught as, . There is no explanation as to why the area of a circle is this arbitrary formula. As it turns out the area of a circle is not an easy task to figure out by your self. Early mathematicians knew that area was, in general to four sided polygons, length times width. But a circle was different, it could not be simply divided into length and width for it had no sides. We will write a custom essay on The area of a circle is one of the first formulas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As it turns out, finding the measurement to be squared was not difficult as it was the radius of the circle. There was another aspect of the circle though that has led one of the greatest mathematical voyages ever launched, the search of Pi.One of the first ever documented estimates for the area of a circle was found in Egypt on a paper known as the Rhind Papyrus around the time of 1650 BCE. The paper itself was a copy of an older book written between 2000 and 1800 BCE and some of the information contained in that writing might have been handed down by Imhotep, the man who supervised the building of the pyramids. The paper, copied by the scribe named Ahmes, has 84 problems on it and their solutions. On the paper, in problem number 50 he wrote; Cut off 1/9 of a diameter and construct a square upon the remainder; this has the same area as a circle. Given that we already know that the area of a circle is we find that the early Egyptian estimate for the area of a circle was which simplified to or 3.16049 Though, the papyrus does not go into detail as to how Ahmes derived this estimate. This estimate for Pi given by the ancient Egyptians is less than 1% off of the true value of Pi. Given, there was no standard of measurement in that day and they also had no tools to aid them in such calculations such as compasses or measuring tapes, this is an amazingly accurate value for Pi and the area of a circle. Another early attempt at the area of a circle is found in the Bible. In the old testament within the book of Kings Vii. 23 and also in Chronicles iv.2 a statement is made that says; And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one brim to the other; it was round all about and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. From this verse, we come to the conclusion that Pi is 30/10 or simply 3. The book of Kings was edited around the time of 550 BCE. Much better estimates were already at hand in the day and much earlier, though they must not have been known to the editors of the Bible. The Babylonians also played an early hand at the area of a circle but it wasnt known until 1936 when a Babylonian tablet was unearthed. It states that a ratio of the perimeter of a hexagon to the circumference of a circumscribed circle equals in modern terms (the Babylonians used a numerical system that was base 60 and not base 10 as we use today). One of the reasons they chose the hexagon was because the perimeter of a hexagon is exactly equal to six times the radius of the circumscribed circle. This is . Since the definition of Pi is the circumference divided by Diameter, we come to . Therefore, the equation in turn gives us or . This is just under the true value of Pi. .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .postImageUrl , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:visited , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:active { border:0!important; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:active , .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45 .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7acc2d7103bda87c366d2904e752cc45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child company experience is one of the sweetest experience Essay Most early estimates for Pi were no more exact than saying that Pi was greater than but less than . Most of the methods for solving for the area of a Circle are also unknown as to how they were derived. Many scholars deduce that early estimators of the circle were able to find their measurements by a ways of rearranging. For example, if you have a rectangle, and you cut off a triangle from one end of the rectangle then reattach it to the opposite side in which the triangle came from, then you now have a parallelogram of equal area to which the rectangle had before. Applying this type of thinking to a circle, we must first cut a circle into four equal parts. Placing the parts side by side so that their flat side lay against each other and the round outer edges face the outside. You continue to do this process to smaller and smaller sections of a given circle. Given that you will reach an infinite amount of pieces that are rearranged in this way you will be left with a rectangle that has one side that is length and another side that is width . The resulting area of this arranged rectangle is , the area of a circle. This method is later discovered on a Japanese paper roll dated to 1693, which was later used by Leonardo Da Vinci. Another great mind in the history of the area of a Circle was Archimedes of Syracuse. Noted for his naked run through Syracuse shouting Eureka! after having solved a problem while taking a bath Archimedes derived a new way in which to find the area of a circle. Consider a circle of radius 1 which is circumscribed by a polygon of sides, with semi perimeter bn. Another polygon of sides, with semi perimeter an , super scribes the circle such as the chart on the next page demonstrates. The diagram below demonstrates the case n=2, with the hexagons having 6 sides. The goal of this procedure is to make it such that . Through this infinite series the polygons converge upon the circle and form a circle that overlaps the original circle. Though, Archimedes didnt have Calculus to aid his search. Through only geometrical means, Archimedes determined that Pi lay somewhere between and . So, let =K sin (#61552;/K) and =K tan ( /K). If we assume that K is the number of sides that the polygon has, namely sides, then, through mathematical induction, and . Archimedes used this convention to arrive at a polygon with 96 sides, or n=6, which led him to Pi being in between and which is . Let it be noted that Archimedes did this estimation without Trigonometry, Calculus, and decimal notation. This method of finding the area of a Circle was used until recent times where computers have taken over the main task of finding the never ending search for all the number s in Pi. There are many more very good estimates for the area of a circle throughout history. Though, at the time at which Archimedes made his discovery of a truly accurate way to find the true vale of Pi, there was a split in thought. One side followed Archimedes and took his formula to the side to find Pi to over 35 accurate decimals, by hand. The other side followed the past to a less productive area of mathematics. These people have come to be known as the Circle Squarers. Much like the early attempts of rearranging the circle into a Rectangle, these people try and try again to fit the area of a circle into that of a square using only a compass, straight edge, and a pencil. Many a great mathematicians wandered over to this once in their career and usually came to the conclusion that Pi= , which is a common solution to the problem among circle squarers. It wasnt until 1882 when Ferdinand Lindemann proved that Pi was a transcendental number that the claim of the Circle Squarers was finally thrown out. .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .postImageUrl , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:visited , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:active { border:0!important; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:active , .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190 .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6daac7c849865dddbc93248855f36190:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay Pi, being a transcendental number, cannot be expressed as a finite algebraic equation and thus, cannot be reconstructed as a square through Euclidean Geometry. Though, even after Lindemanns historical find, Circle Squarers, now called cyclometers, continued to pour their incorrect theories onto the mathematical world. Most of them state that one great mathematician was wrong, or that there is a conspiracy hiding the true value of Pi. The problem with Cyclometers is that they can show you they are right, however cannot prove it using conventional mathematics. For instance, a cyclometer can show you a circle of diameter one and roll it along a ruler and show you that the circumference of the circle is exactly 3.1415. Some even dare to argue that great mathematicians such as Pythagoras and Archimedes were incorrect, the rest of the mathematical world doesnt dare question their founding mathematicians, and that they alone, the cyclometer, have discovered the true value of Pi. One circle squarer even went so far as to submit a law in his home state of Indiana that his value of Pi be used as the legal value of Pi. It was passed, but to this day awaits further legislation in regard to its factuality. In the end, there is still an ongoing search for the true area of a Circle in continued research of the number Pi. Scientists today have reached a record number of decimals of Pi to 206,158,430,000 using a Hitachi Supercomputer. The calculation took 37 hours, 21 minutes and 4 seconds. Using the latest calculation for Pi, if you were to assemble a circle a million miles in diameter, the circle would be less than an inch off. But why the pursuit of a solution that will never end? For many, being that there are no perfect circles even in nature, the perfect circle is an unattainable goal to seek. Through the adventure of discovering new aspects about the circle, other insights may be revealed. The mystery of the circle is an endless pursuit, but for mathematicians, it is the pursuit of perfection.

Plagiarism in the Digital Age Essay Example

Plagiarism in the Digital Age Essay Example Plagiarism in the Digital Age Paper Plagiarism in the Digital Age Paper To plagiarize means to steal and pass off as ones own the ideas or words of another. In academic environment, it can be when one uses some paper when an online essay plagiarism check shows this paper is not a unique one its someones else writing. Todays society revolves heavily around technology and the internet, which creates a generation that has different ideals and standards about plagiarism. The simple act of cutting and pasting as described by author William Gibson in Gods Little Toys: Confessions of a cut and paste artist is no longer simple; it is complex. Instead of viewing it as wrong, which is done in Trip Gabriels article, Plagiarism Lines Blur for students in the digital age, it should be seen as a new form of creation and xpression. The digital ages expansion requires new standards and interpretations of plagiarism because of the growing use of mixing and matching of ideas. In William Gibsons article, Gods Little Toys: Confessions of a Cut and Paste Artist, he describes how todays growing internet culture constantly redefines our culture. Gibson narrates his discovery of the radical writer William S. Burroughs whose method of writing involved incorporating other writers texts into his own work. Normally this would be considered plagiarism, but Burroughs believed it was essential to his work. Gibson explains how Burroughs, although used the scissors and paste pot method, was no plagiarist at all. He compares this style of writing to the work of visionary DJs methods of breaking apart different records and incorporating them into their own music to make new hits. The remix is the product of todays audience participating in their culture rather than passively listening. This new form of creation sprung from the expanding digital age. Gibson describes how the cut and paste method is a technology that emerged on its own and we simply follow it wherever it will take us. He states that even though many are unaware, we own our culture; We own our words. In Trip Gabriels article Plagiarism Lines Blur for students in the digital age, he explains how plagiarism is a growing problem due to the different type of internet age this generation is growing up in. He explains how students growing up in the internet age show a lack of understanding that information found on the internet does not belong to them. Gabriel speaks of multiple cases of students that believed information and texts found on the internet did not need to be cited because it was assumed to be common knowledge. These days, students fail to see that lifting texts or words from the internet and pasting it into their own work is a serious offense. This generation believes that information found on the web is fair game for anyone to take because of how easily accessible it is. Ms. Bookover, an undergraduate Trip Gabriel interviewed about the cheating going on in college life, describes how walking into a library and actually holding the article is different than viewing it online. Being in the same place one downloads music and video gives the researcher the sense that everything can belong to you. She discusses how students feel it is O. K. to uses someone elses words as long as you dont care and do it purely for a grade. She emphasizes that if the educational system loosens plagiarism standards, creativity will decline and laziness will grow. Bookover believes one major factor for the growth of plagiarism is the lack of preparation and education given in high school In both Gibson and Gabriels articles the use of copied texts is discussed, although, both have contrasting opinions on the subject. Gabriel emphasizes shared texts as being a problem and labels it as plagiarism, whereas Gibson explains how it is a new orm of creating work in an ever changing age of the internet. Gabriel describes a one dimensional evaluation of the topic and Gibson a multi-faceted assessment. Instead of viewing mixing and matching as a crime that does not foster creativity, it should be seen as more of a way to bring together great ideas that have already been written and creating new works of art (Gabriel). Just like DJs around the world who are deconstructing recorded music to create their own versions, writers who use the ideas of others create their own (Gibson). Applying the same methods, riters use an endless recombinant process that actively uses ideas from past work as a Jumping off point and expand upon them (Gibson). This characteristic of todays digital media age should not be frowned on by the academic community, but rather viewed with an open mind. The availability of information on the internet is a useful tool that was meant to be taken advantage of. Students feel confined when they fear the possibility of accidentally using an idea that was not originally theirs, and as a result, stifled creativity. The idea that students simply do not grasp that using words they did not write is a erious misdeed is a true statement when blatant copying and pasting of whole paragraphs or essays is concerned, but not so much when ideas or certain texts are taken and used (Gabriel). Making collages out of previous work should not be put into the same category as mindless copying and pasting because inspiration does not equal plagiarism. The standards defining plagiarism need to be rethought now that todays generation is able to see the endless possibilities and combinations of ideas and information that is open to them. All of the information and all of the ideas in the pool of knowledge belong to the people.

What Is Content Marketing

What Is Content Marketing No one cares about advertising anymore. Content marketing is king. We skip ads using our DVR. We buy Netflix on demand. We scroll past the ever-increasing number of ads in our Facebook feed.  We dont like ads, and thats discouraging for those who are trying to market their product. But, there is hope. We share blog posts and recommend them to our friends. We comment and discuss the killer content that we love. Getting the word out about our brand, business, product, or organization isnt impossible, but the methods have surely changed.  Content marketing is taking over the world. What is content marketing? What is Content Marketing? Advertising is built on   interruptions–taking up 30 seconds of your time during the Super Bowl, or sneaking its way into your social media feeds. No matter when it happens, you probably didnt ask for it. This is what makes it annoying. Content marketing is different. Content marketing is permission-based.   Its marketing that we freely invite into our lives, and sometimes even share with our friends. Content marketing is any marketing format that involves the creation and sharing of media and publishing content in order to acquire customers. -Wikipedia Content marketing is built on the idea that the best way to build trust with our potential customers is to give them something they want. Online, this often translates to  helpful content that doesnt interrupt whatever the visitor is doing, but rather invites them to learn, enjoy, and connect. Good content marketing  brings the user to us, rather than forcing ourself in front of the user.  This builds trust and loyalty with potential customers.   The Content Marketing Institute says it more formally: Content marketing is a marketing technique of creating and distributing relevant and valuable content to attract, acquire, and engage a clearly defined and understood target audience–with the objective of driving profitable customer action. While it employs a less in your face approach, content marketing is still about results. In fact, it is often more result-driven than its traditional counterpart. Inbound Marketing More recently, the term inbound marketing (also Seth Godins term, permission marketing) has taken hold as a way to describe the type of marketing that allows customers to come to the brand on their own rather than the brand reaching out to the customer via advertising. This idea is built upon the assumption that if you publish helpful content, the customer will look for the business that is offering the best advice. The best way to understand this is to think about a Google search. If a customer does a search online for advice on how to grow their garden, what will they find? Chances are, they will receive a list of blog posts and articles offering tips and tricks for gardeners. Because Google prioritizes local results, a local nursery that is offering this type of advice on their blog will rank highly in the search results. For the local nursery, this is an inbound marketing technique–getting the customer to reach out to you first. It is pretty easy to see that this entire transaction was only made possible because of helpful content that exists because of content marketing. What Is Content Marketing (Not)? Sometimes it is easier to think in terms of what something is not rather than what is it. Content marketing is many things, but there are definitely a few things that it is not. It Is Not About You  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This one flies directly in the face of most advertising theories. Ads are always about the company paying for them. With content marketing, we need to take the opposite approach. The content needs to be about our audience. It Is Not About Your Product  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Its not about our company, but surely its about the our product? Nope, its not about that either. Content marketing is 100% about helping your customer succeed (using your content). Again, not your product. It Is Not About Instant Sales – Content marketing is a long-term strategy for building customer trust and loyalty to a brand or an idea. It isnt as concerned with an immediate sale. It knows that sales are earned by building customer trust. After all, you cant trick anyone into buying anything. It Is Not About Creativity – Creativity is king for the advertising world, but not content marketing. Content has a bigger mission.

Taxes and Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taxes and Policies - Essay Example The PTC has provided a big impetus to the industry. Unfortunately, the PTC is going to expire at the end of 2013 and that is causing the ripples among developers. Hydropower industry has come a long way providing 8% of all power generation and remains the dominant industry among all renewable power generation facilities of the country. The US government did a stupendous job by formulating the PTC in their 2005 Energy Policy Act and since then the industry is on resurge. It is not out of place to mention here that 84,000 families have now access to the cleaner source of energy (Snyder 2012). It is strongly required that the PTC is provided a long-term extension to continue with the high growth that has been witnessed in these years. There is no doubt that our country has absolute advantage in harnessing hydropower and that is evident from the fact that taking advantage of the PTC, 23 states have increased their hydropower output by around 11% and more can be done in the years to come provided the government continues to grant their support as done in the past (Church

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example The opponents of globalisation until now have achieved greater success in garnering support from the public, owing to their ability for framing arguments in their favour, focussing on issues like use of child labour by MNCs in developing economies, and indifference of the developed nations towards serious health issues like AIDS seen rampantly spreading in the developing nations. The proponents of globalisation on the other hand present statistical data in their favour that though scien...tifically sound evidences are often difficult to comprehend from the viewpoint of a layman (ibid). Despite the contentions over globalisation and its effects, in the past three decades, observations reveal that large-scale globalisation and worldwide interconnectedness have gained increased popularity in all spheres of life, ranging from economic to technology to cultural. Globalisation of world economy has occurred due to rapid expansion of trade, financial activities, production of goods, which li nks economic growth and development of all nations across the world within the main trading zones (developed nations) and beyond (emerging economies of developing nations). As was evident during the global economic crunch of 2007-2008, currently globalisation has taken place to such extent that no national economy can safeguard itself from the ‘contagion effect’ of the disturbances within global financial markets (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2011). The term globalisation can be interpreted in various ways. According to the most popular interpretation, the term means creation of a uniform platform at global basis, where there is synchronisation of technology, economy and culture, to create a standardised world. This perspective primarily translates into referring globalisation as westernisation of the oriental world. According to another perspective, globalisation is a form of hybridisation that creates a melange of various cultures and socioeconomic structures worldwide. H owever, from a study of the various perspectives it is not easy to derive a particular ‘correct’ interpretation, as the meaning of the term can vary based on the context on which it is used. As for example, economics globalisation, which takes place through the integration of national economies with the global economy via foreign direct investments or FDIs, capital flows, immigration and spread of technological knowledge in all fields, refers to liberalisation of trade markets and spread of capitalist market values (Bhagwati, 2004). In the arena of international relations, it refers to the development of global power play with more focus on interstate relations. Globalisation within sociology relates to changes within the present society its effects and the development of the so-called ‘global society,’ while in cultural context globalisation pertains to the study of effects of global interconnectedness on the culture and identity of various communities wor ldwide. Therefore, it is quite clear that globalisation has many facets and is hence difficult to delineate and ascertain whether it is a panacea (as per the neo-liberals who are strong proponents of globalisation) or a plague (as per the leftists or the anti-neoliberal group forum that are against

Balloon Cars Essay Example for Free

Balloon Cars Essay Repulsorlifts as a Method of Stable Magnetic Levitation| Repulsorlifts were used in the study to find out if they can be used to replace the wheels of a conventional car. It was hypothesized that it will be able to lift a car using magnetic repulsion forces. The different magnets were tested individually with the usual tests for magnetic strength, size, and temperature increase, which were done in the preliminary testing. The prototype road and car were then constructed based on the specifications that had been identified after the preliminary testing. The prototype car’s magnets were permanent magnets while the road magnets were electromagnets. They had been oriented so that the magnets would repel each other.After the levitation tests, the proponents constructed other prototype roads and cars, based on the design which increased the chances for stability of the project. The repulsorlift setups were then tested for levitation. It was found that the repulsorlift was capable of lifting the car, yet its stability and lift would depend on two factors: the strength and the ratio of the strength of the car and road magnets, and the angles at which the car magnets are oriented. Therefore, repulsorlifts can be used as a method of levitation for cars once the lift would be sufficient to resist both gravity and the weights on the car.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser.Researchers Earl Angelo B. Panganiban Cebu City National Science High School Cost-Effective Free Fall Apparatus| Cost-Effective Free Fall Apparatus for Elementary and Secondary Students. Public Schools do not have sufficient funds for the purchase of a Free-Fall Apparatus, which is used to measure the time for a falling object to hit the switch pad from a certain point. A cost-effective Free-Fall Apparatus was constructed with the aid of recycled materials to serve as a cheaper alternative for this device. This study was intended for the improvement of the original equipment in terms of materials used, structural design,  function and price. The main structure was built with the use of excess planks of wood. The electromagnet, powered by three volt-battery was assembled. Wires were tapped into the stopwatch and were connected to the electromagnet. The Power Supply Box was connected to the Synchro Box to allow relay function.The electromagnet was finally affixed to the device through the use of a large paper clip. A tape measure was fastened to the equipment. The switch pad was affixed through the use of a lever and magnet. The apparatus was tested for several times until it functioned accurately. The innovation proved to be very efficient. It showed the same function as the original one although the initial design was altered. Special features include the machine’s flexibility and added parts such as the lever. This apparatus can really be used by various public schools throughout the country because of its effectiveness and affordability.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser. Para-Toluenesulfonate Doped Polypyrolle as EMF Electrode Source| A conducting polymer was synthesized from polypyrolle doped with paratoluenesulfonate (p-TS) using electrochemical deposition technique to find a substitute for metal electrodes in EMF sources. Samples were produced with varying p-TS molarity, specifically 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 M. Initial characterization of samples was done using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) for surface analysis, and the Energy Dispersive X-ray system (EDX) for elemental analysis. Surface analysis of thin sheets was observed to be fibrillar, while thick samples had globular surface. Traces of Nitrogen, Carbon, Oxygen and Sulfur in decreasing order of concentration, were detected in the EDX system, showing potential as conducting material.To determine potential as EMF source, samples were subjected to Van der Pauw Measurement. Conductivity was found to be within 20 to 200 siemens, resulting in a computed resistivity of 0.05 to 0.005 ohms. These values are  comparable to those of certain conductors such as copper. When used in a chemical cell with copper and zinc sulfate solution, the EMF produced was between 1 to 1.5 volts. This showed that the p-TS-doped polypyrolle is a good conductor and could be a possible electrode of a battery. Thermal analysis yielded a peak of endothermic reaction at 350 ºCelsius. Degradation point was at 770 degrees celsius. The sodium para-toluenesulfonate-doped polypyrolle opens the prospect of creating lightweight batteries, since they are approximately 80% lighter than common metal electrodes used in EMF sources. This progress signals a breakthrough in plastic electronics.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be directed to the researchers and adviser. Elastomeric Grating for Wavelength Switching in Optical Communication Systems. A diffraction grating was fabricated from an elastic polymer. It was patterned after a plane reflection grating with a pitch of 1,200 lines/mm. It was characterized using HeNe laser to verify grating properties. Angular scanning as a function of applied strain was observed for two individual wavelengths. Intensity of the fiber output was optimized as an application of angular scanning in fine alignment. Beam profiles showed consistency of first order diffraction intensities at different levels of strain. This showed that the elastomeric grating’s efficiency is independent of strain. The elastomeric grating’s variable pitch can be of immense utility in optical communication systems.A stretchable grating can be used to replace typical high-cost architectures of metal or glass gratings of different pitches that correspond to various spectral regions. By changing the pitch, the grating can be used for different ranges of wavelength. The elastomeric grating’s variable pitch can be used to scan different wavelengths over a wide selection since elastomeric grating diffracts different wavelength division multiplexing in optical communication systems. Laser beams of different wavelengths carrying different signals can be transmitted simultaneously through an optical fiber and diffracted to route the wavelengths onto separate wavelength-specific channels.Further clarification of the procedures and results should be  directed to the researchers and adviser.

The Origin of the Work of Art Essay -- Literary Analysis, Heidegger

In The Origin of the Work of Art, Heidegger attempts to the answer the question of what art is, as well as try to find the origin of art itself. In his attempt Heidegger distinguishes between his ideas of â€Å"Work† and â€Å"Equipment†. While, central to his argument within The Origin of the Work of Art, these ideas are important within themselves in Heidegger’s Philosophy. In this essay I will define as well as compare and contrast these two concepts. I will also explain the ideas of â€Å"Earth† and â€Å"World† presented by Heidegger in order to facilitate this goal. Finally, I’ll conclude the paper by summarizing the key concepts and their relationship to one another. In order to accomplish the goal of defining and explaining both â€Å"Equipment† & â€Å"Work†; I’ll need to introduce and explain two other prevalent concepts in Heidegger’s work. These are the concepts of â€Å"World† and â€Å"Earth†. First I’ll start with the notion of â€Å"World†. Heidegger writes, â€Å"The world is not the mere collection of the countable or uncountable, familiar and unfamiliar things that are at hand† (Heidegger, pg.170). Heidegger is stating that the â€Å"World† isn’t merely an ontical concept that most of us perceive of, a totality of matter existing within the material conception of â€Å"World†. Heidegger clearly explains, â€Å"The world worlds, and is more fully in being than the tangible and perceptible realm in which we believe ourselves to be at home† (Heidegger, pg 170). Heidegger defines â€Å"World† as an ontological concept, in which a web of significant relations exists between Dasein and all that is ready-at-hand. For example, a coffee table exists in a web of significant relations for it points to those who regularly sit at it, which then can branch of to the various conversations ha... ...e work lets the earth be an earth† (Heidegger, pg 172). He then adds, â€Å"The opposition of world and earth is strife† (Heidegger, pg 174). We finally have the criteria of what â€Å"Work† is. Heidegger explains that work sets up a world and sets forth the â€Å"Earth†. â€Å"The work is an instigating of this strife† (Heidegger, pg 175). That strife opens truth or as Heidegger puts it, â€Å"Aletheia† to the observer of the â€Å"Work†. The struggle or â€Å"Strife† is the process of a work of art taking place within the art work itself. In conclusion, the concepts of â€Å"Work† and â€Å"Equipment† that Heidegger presents in The Origin of the Work of Art can be summarized as follows. â€Å"Equipment† defines itself by its use and â€Å"Work† is grounded upon the â€Å"Earth† and â€Å"World† it was created on. Whose essential importance cannot be understated in order to understand Heidegger’s message within the text.